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          持续集成入门
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        <p>互联网软件的开发和发布，已经形成了一套标准流程，最重要的组成部分就是持续集成（Continuous integration，简称CI）。</p>
<p>本文简要介绍持续集成的概念和做法。</p>
<p><img src="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blogimg/asset/2015/bg2015092301.png" alt="img"></p>
<h2 id="一、概念"><a href="#一、概念" class="headerlink" title="一、概念"></a>一、概念</h2><p><strong>持续集成指的是，频繁地（一天多次）将代码集成到主干。</strong></p>
<p>它的好处主要有两个。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>（1）快速发现错误。</strong>每完成一点更新，就集成到主干，可以快速发现错误，定位错误也比较容易。</p>
<p><strong>（2）防止分支大幅偏离主干。</strong>如果不是经常集成，主干又在不断更新，会导致以后集成的难度变大，甚至难以集成。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>持续集成的目的，就是让产品可以快速迭代，同时还能保持高质量。</strong>它的核心措施是，代码集成到主干之前，必须通过自动化测试。只要有一个测试用例失败，就不能集成。</p>
<p>Martin Fowler说过，”持续集成并不能消除Bug，而是让它们非常容易发现和改正。”</p>
<p>与持续集成相关的，还有两个概念，分别是持续交付和持续部署。</p>
<h2 id="二、持续交付"><a href="#二、持续交付" class="headerlink" title="二、持续交付"></a>二、持续交付</h2><p><strong>持续交付（Continuous delivery）指的是，频繁地将软件的新版本，交付给质量团队或者用户，以供评审。</strong>如果评审通过，代码就进入生产阶段。</p>
<p>持续交付可以看作持续集成的下一步。它强调的是，不管怎么更新，软件是随时随地可以交付的。</p>
<h2 id="三、持续部署"><a href="#三、持续部署" class="headerlink" title="三、持续部署"></a>三、持续部署</h2><p><strong>持续部署（continuous deployment）是持续交付的下一步，指的是代码通过评审以后，自动部署到生产环境。</strong></p>
<p>持续部署的目标是，代码在任何时刻都是可部署的，可以进入生产阶段。</p>
<p>持续部署的前提是能自动化完成测试、构建、部署等步骤。它与持续交付的区别，可以参考下图。</p>
<p><img src="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blogimg/asset/2015/bg2015092302.jpg" alt="img"></p>
<p>（<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://blog.crisp.se/2013/02/05/yassalsundman/continuous-delivery-vs-continuous-deployment">图片来源</a>）</p>
<h2 id="四、流程"><a href="#四、流程" class="headerlink" title="四、流程"></a>四、流程</h2><p>根据持续集成的设计，代码从提交到生产，整个过程有以下几步。</p>
<h3 id="4-1-提交"><a href="#4-1-提交" class="headerlink" title="4.1 提交"></a>4.1 提交</h3><p>流程的第一步，是开发者向代码仓库提交代码。所有后面的步骤都始于本地代码的一次提交（commit）。</p>
<h3 id="4-2-测试（第一轮）"><a href="#4-2-测试（第一轮）" class="headerlink" title="4.2 测试（第一轮）"></a>4.2 测试（第一轮）</h3><p>代码仓库对commit操作配置了钩子（hook），只要提交代码或者合并进主干，就会跑自动化测试。</p>
<p>测试有好几种。</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>单元测试：针对函数或模块的测试</li>
<li>集成测试：针对整体产品的某个功能的测试，又称功能测试</li>
<li>端对端测试：从用户界面直达数据库的全链路测试</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>第一轮至少要跑单元测试。</p>
<h3 id="4-3-构建"><a href="#4-3-构建" class="headerlink" title="4.3 构建"></a>4.3 构建</h3><p>通过第一轮测试，代码就可以合并进主干，就算可以交付了。</p>
<p>交付后，就先进行构建（build），再进入第二轮测试。所谓构建，指的是将源码转换为可以运行的实际代码，比如安装依赖，配置各种资源（样式表、JS脚本、图片）等等。</p>
<p>常用的构建工具如下。</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://jenkins-ci.org/">Jenkins</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://travis-ci.com/">Travis</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.codeship.io/">Codeship</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://stridercd.com/">Strider</a></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>Jenkins和Strider是开源软件，Travis和Codeship对于开源项目可以免费使用。它们都会将构建和测试，在一次运行中执行完成。</p>
<h3 id="4-4-测试（第二轮）"><a href="#4-4-测试（第二轮）" class="headerlink" title="4.4 测试（第二轮）"></a>4.4 测试（第二轮）</h3><p>构建完成，就要进行第二轮测试。如果第一轮已经涵盖了所有测试内容，第二轮可以省略，当然，这时构建步骤也要移到第一轮测试前面。</p>
<p>第二轮是全面测试，单元测试和集成测试都会跑，有条件的话，也要做端对端测试。所有测试以自动化为主，少数无法自动化的测试用例，就要人工跑。</p>
<p>需要强调的是，新版本的每一个更新点都必须测试到。如果测试的覆盖率不高，进入后面的部署阶段后，很可能会出现严重的问题。</p>
<h3 id="4-5-部署"><a href="#4-5-部署" class="headerlink" title="4.5 部署"></a>4.5 部署</h3><p>通过了第二轮测试，当前代码就是一个可以直接部署的版本（artifact）。将这个版本的所有文件打包（ <code>tar filename.tar *</code> ）存档，发到生产服务器。</p>
<p>生产服务器将打包文件，解包成本地的一个目录，再将运行路径的符号链接（symlink）指向这个目录，然后重新启动应用。这方面的部署工具有<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.ansible.com/">Ansible</a>，<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.chef.io/chef/">Chef</a>，<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://puppetlabs.com/">Puppet</a>等。</p>
<h3 id="4-6-回滚"><a href="#4-6-回滚" class="headerlink" title="4.6 回滚"></a>4.6 回滚</h3><p>一旦当前版本发生问题，就要回滚到上一个版本的构建结果。最简单的做法就是修改一下符号链接，指向上一个版本的目录。</p>
<h2 id="五、参考链接"><a href="#五、参考链接" class="headerlink" title="五、参考链接"></a>五、参考链接</h2><ul>
<li>Gergely Nemeth, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.risingstack.com/continuous-deployment-of-node-js-applications/">Continuous Deployment of Node.js Applications</a></li>
<li>Codeship, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://codeship.com/continuous-integration-essentials">Continuous Integration Essentials</a></li>
</ul>

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